Biomarker Analysis Services for Metabolic Syndrome
Protheragen offers specialized biomarker analysis services tailored for metabolic syndrome research and drug discovery. Our comprehensive biomarker panel is designed to advance the understanding of metabolic syndrome pathophysiology, supporting the identification and characterization of novel therapeutic targets. All services are exclusively focused on facilitating drug discovery and preclinical development, and do not include clinical diagnostic applications.
Effective therapeutic intervention in metabolic syndrome begins with the robust discovery and identification of relevant biomarkers. At Protheragen, our biomarker discovery services leverage state-of-the-art methodologies to uncover molecular signatures associated with metabolic syndrome. Through systematic screening and rigorous validation, we identify and prioritize biomarkers that inform target selection, mechanism-of-action studies, and preclinical efficacy assessments, thereby accelerating the drug development process.
Multi Omics: Utilizing cutting-edge -omics technologies—including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—Protheragen enables a comprehensive study of biological systems implicated in metabolic syndrome. Our integrated approach facilitates the identification of DNA, RNA, protein, and metabolite biomarkers, providing a holistic view of disease mechanisms. We focus on pathways central to metabolic syndrome, such as lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, and adipocyte function, offering deep insights into disease progression and therapeutic opportunities.
Candidate Validation: Our candidate validation strategies encompass a suite of experimental and computational methods to confirm the association of biomarkers with metabolic syndrome pathophysiology. Preliminary screening includes quantitative and qualitative analyses, reproducibility assessments, and cross-validation across sample types. Promising candidates are prioritized based on biological relevance, differential expression, and linkage to key metabolic and inflammatory pathways, ensuring a focused approach for downstream drug discovery applications.
Diverse Technological Platforms: Protheragen develops and customizes biomarker assays across a range of technological platforms to meet the specific requirements of metabolic syndrome research. Our capabilities include the adaptation of immunoassays, mass spectrometry, flow cytometry, molecular diagnostics, and advanced imaging modalities, ensuring precise and reproducible measurements for diverse biomarker targets.
Immunoassays: We develop and implement enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), chemiluminescent immunoassays, and multiplex bead-based assays for sensitive and specific quantification of protein biomarkers relevant to metabolic syndrome.
Mass Spectrometry: Our LC-MS/MS platforms enable high-throughput, quantitative analysis of peptides, proteins, and metabolites, supporting the discovery and validation of novel biomarkers with high specificity.
Flow Cytometry: We utilize multicolor flow cytometry for the phenotypic and functional characterization of cellular biomarkers, including immune cell subsets and surface marker expression.
Molecular Diagnostics: Our molecular assays encompass quantitative PCR, digital PCR, and next-generation sequencing for the detection of gene expression changes and genetic variants associated with metabolic syndrome.
Histopathology and Imaging: Advanced histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and imaging techniques are employed for spatial localization and visualization of biomarker expression in tissue samples.
Rigorous Method Validation: All assay methods undergo rigorous validation in accordance with established guidelines, including assessment of sensitivity, specificity, linearity, reproducibility, and robustness. Quality control measures are integrated throughout the process to ensure data integrity, with comprehensive documentation of performance characteristics for each assay.
Our quantitative analysis capabilities enable precise measurement of biomarker concentrations across a range of biological matrices. Standardized protocols and calibration strategies are employed to ensure accuracy and comparability of results, supporting the reliable interpretation of biomarker data in preclinical studies.
Sample Analysis: Protheragen handles a wide variety of sample types, including plasma, serum, tissue lysates, and cell culture supernatants. Detailed analysis protocols are tailored to each sample type, incorporating stringent quality control and sample handling procedures to minimize variability and preserve sample integrity.
High Throughput Capabilities: Our high-throughput analytical platforms support multiplexed biomarker analysis, enabling simultaneous quantification of multiple targets from limited sample volumes. This approach maximizes efficiency, conserves valuable samples, and accelerates the generation of actionable data for metabolic syndrome research.
| Gene Target | Biological Function | Application as a Biomarker |
|---|---|---|
| C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) | C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), also known as interleukin-8 (IL-8), is a member of the CXC chemokine family. It is primarily produced by macrophages, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and other cell types in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli. CXCL8 functions as a chemoattractant, guiding the migration of neutrophils and other immune cells to sites of infection or tissue injury. It binds to specific G protein-coupled receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, on target cells, leading to cellular activation, chemotaxis, and promotion of inflammatory responses. In addition to its role in immune cell recruitment, CXCL8 can induce degranulation, respiratory burst, and enhance the phagocytic activity of neutrophils. CXCL8 has also been implicated in the regulation of angiogenesis and tissue remodeling. | CXCL8 is measured in various biological fluids, including blood, serum, plasma, and bronchoalveolar lavage, in clinical and research settings. Its concentrations are often elevated in conditions characterized by acute or chronic inflammation, such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain cancers. CXCL8 levels have been associated with disease activity, severity, and prognosis in disorders such as sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), rheumatoid arthritis, and some malignancies. It is used as an indicator of inflammatory status and has been studied for its potential to aid in disease monitoring and risk stratification. |
| apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) | Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) is the major protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles in plasma. It plays a central role in the reverse transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver, where cholesterol is metabolized and excreted. APOA1 acts as a cofactor for lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), an enzyme critical for the esterification of cholesterol and the maturation of HDL particles. Through these processes, APOA1 contributes to the maintenance of lipid homeostasis and exerts anti-atherogenic effects. | APOA1 is commonly measured in clinical and research settings as an indicator of HDL quantity and function. Its plasma concentration is used to assess cardiovascular risk, with lower APOA1 levels being associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. In addition, APOA1 levels have been investigated as a biomarker in various conditions, including metabolic syndrome, liver disease, and certain inflammatory or infectious diseases, where alterations in APOA1 may reflect changes in lipid metabolism or systemic inflammation. |
| fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) | Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), also known as adipocyte FABP or aP2, is a member of the intracellular lipid-binding protein family. It is predominantly expressed in adipocytes and, to a lesser extent, in macrophages. FABP4 binds long-chain fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands, facilitating their transport within the cell. It plays a key role in lipid metabolism, adipocyte differentiation, and the regulation of lipid-mediated signaling pathways. In macrophages, FABP4 is involved in modulating inflammatory responses and cholesterol trafficking. Its activity has been implicated in metabolic homeostasis, particularly in the context of lipid storage and mobilization. | FABP4 has been studied as a circulating biomarker in metabolic and cardiovascular conditions. Elevated levels of FABP4 in plasma or serum have been reported in individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis. Its concentrations have been associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular risk factors. Additionally, FABP4 has been investigated as a marker of adipocyte dysfunction and as an indicator of disease severity or progression in metabolic disorders. |
| insulin (INS) | Insulin (INS) is a peptide hormone produced and secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets. Its primary biological function is to regulate glucose homeostasis. Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells, particularly muscle and adipose tissue, by promoting the translocation of glucose transporter proteins to the cell membrane. It also inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle. Additionally, insulin plays roles in lipid metabolism by promoting lipogenesis and inhibiting lipolysis, and it influences protein synthesis and cell growth. | Circulating insulin levels are commonly measured in clinical and research settings to assess pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity. Insulin quantification is used in the evaluation of disorders related to glucose metabolism, such as diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. It is also utilized in diagnostic procedures, including the differentiation of types of hypoglycemia and the investigation of metabolic syndrome. Insulin measurements can contribute to the assessment of risk and management strategies for metabolic and endocrine diseases. |
| interleukin 1 beta (IL1B) | Interleukin 1 beta (IL1B) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced primarily by activated macrophages, as well as other cell types including monocytes, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells. It plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. IL1B is synthesized as an inactive precursor (pro-IL1B) that is cleaved by caspase-1 following inflammasome activation to generate the biologically active mature form. Upon release, IL1B binds to the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R), leading to the activation of various signaling pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK. These pathways induce the expression of genes involved in inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. IL1B is implicated in the pathogenesis of a range of inflammatory diseases and is involved in processes such as fever induction, leukocyte recruitment, and the acute-phase response. | IL1B is measured in biological fluids, such as serum, plasma, and synovial fluid, to assess the presence and degree of inflammation. Its levels are frequently evaluated in clinical and research settings as an indicator of inflammatory activity in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, and certain infections. Elevated IL1B concentrations have also been reported in various chronic inflammatory and autoinflammatory disorders. Additionally, IL1B is used in studies investigating disease mechanisms and the effects of anti-inflammatory therapies. |
| peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARG) | Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARG) is a nuclear receptor that functions as a ligand-activated transcription factor. It plays a central role in the regulation of adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity. Upon activation by endogenous or synthetic ligands, PPARG forms a heterodimer with retinoid X receptor (RXR) and binds to specific DNA sequences known as peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPREs) to regulate the transcription of target genes. PPARG is highly expressed in adipose tissue and is involved in the differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes. It also modulates inflammatory responses and has roles in cellular proliferation and differentiation in several tissues. | PPARG has been used as a biomarker in various research and clinical contexts. Altered expression or mutation of PPARG is associated with metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. In oncology, PPARG expression has been studied in relation to certain cancers, including colorectal, breast, and lung cancers, where its levels may correlate with tumor characteristics or prognosis. Additionally, PPARG status can inform pharmacological responses to thiazolidinediones, a class of antidiabetic drugs that act as PPARG agonists. |
| serpin family E member 1 (SERPINE1) | SERPINE1 encodes plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily. PAI-1 is the principal inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), which are enzymes responsible for the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, a key step in fibrinolysis (the breakdown of blood clots). By inhibiting tPA and uPA, SERPINE1 regulates fibrinolysis and maintains the balance between coagulation and clot dissolution. PAI-1 is produced by multiple cell types, including endothelial cells, adipocytes, hepatocytes, and platelets, and its expression is modulated by various physiological and pathological stimuli such as inflammation, hypoxia, and metabolic factors. | SERPINE1 (PAI-1) levels have been measured in plasma, tissue, and other biological samples in a variety of clinical and research contexts. Elevated PAI-1 concentrations have been associated with an increased risk of thrombotic events, and have been studied in relation to cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and certain cancers. In oncology, SERPINE1 expression has been examined as a potential indicator of tumor progression, invasion, and prognosis. Additionally, altered SERPINE1 levels have been explored as a marker of endothelial dysfunction and fibrotic diseases. Its measurement is used in research and clinical studies to assess associations with disease risk, prognosis, and pathophysiological processes. |
| sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) | Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase that regulates a variety of cellular processes by deacetylating histone and non-histone proteins. SIRT1 plays a central role in cellular metabolism, stress response, DNA repair, and aging by modulating the activity of transcription factors such as p53, FOXO, and NF-κB. Through these interactions, SIRT1 influences gene expression, apoptosis, inflammation, and mitochondrial biogenesis. SIRT1 activity is sensitive to nutrient availability and cellular energy status, integrating metabolic and stress signals to maintain cellular homeostasis. | SIRT1 expression and activity have been studied in relation to metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular conditions, and various cancers. Altered levels of SIRT1 have been observed in tissues and biological fluids in these contexts, and SIRT1 has been investigated as a potential biomarker for disease presence, progression, or prognosis. Measurement of SIRT1 may also be used in research to monitor response to interventions targeting metabolic or aging-related pathways. |
| stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) | Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is an endoplasmic reticulum-associated enzyme that catalyzes the introduction of a cis double bond into saturated fatty acyl-CoA substrates, primarily converting stearoyl-CoA (C18:0) and palmitoyl-CoA (C16:0) into oleoyl-CoA (C18:1) and palmitoleoyl-CoA (C16:1), respectively. This enzymatic activity is a key step in the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids, which are essential components of membrane phospholipids, triglycerides, cholesterol esters, and wax esters. SCD plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, and regulation of cell membrane fluidity. | Altered expression or activity of SCD has been observed in various metabolic conditions, including obesity, insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and certain types of cancer. Measurement of SCD expression levels, activity, or the ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids in tissues or plasma has been used in research settings to assess metabolic status, disease progression, or response to interventions. SCD is also studied as a potential indicator of lipid metabolic dysregulation in both metabolic and oncologic contexts. |
| tumor necrosis factor (TNF) | Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine primarily produced by activated macrophages, as well as other immune cells including T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. TNF plays a central role in the regulation of immune responses, inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. It exerts its effects by binding to two distinct receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, initiating signaling cascades that can lead to cell survival, inflammation, or programmed cell death. TNF is critical in host defense against infections and is involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. | TNF is measured in biological fluids such as serum, plasma, or synovial fluid as an indicator of inflammatory activity. Elevated TNF levels have been associated with a range of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, and certain cancers. Assessment of TNF concentrations can provide information on disease activity, inflammatory status, and response to anti-TNF therapies in clinical and research settings. |
Explore Research Opportunities with Protheragen. Our biomarker research services for metabolic syndrome leverage advanced technologies and scientific expertise to support exploratory studies and preclinical drug discovery. The biomarkers discussed herein represent research targets identified for their potential relevance to metabolic syndrome; they are not presented as validated or mandatory markers. Our focus remains on preclinical research, maintaining scientific objectivity and a commitment to advancing knowledge in the field.
We invite you to connect with Protheragen to discuss collaborative opportunities in exploratory biomarker research for metabolic syndrome. Our team is committed to scientific partnership and knowledge exchange, supporting your research objectives with technical rigor and expertise.
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